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The encryption key itself is derived from the encrypted master key (see below) using the key derivation function HKDF.
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The 96-bit initialization vector (IV) used for CCM/GCM is randomly generated using the standard linux PRNG, and it is never reused. property) with a 128/192/256-bit encryption key (default is AES-CCM-256). Normal / non-dedup case: Before the plaintext block data (or metadata) is written, it is encrypted using AES (in CCM or GCM mode, depending on the -o encryption=. If you don’t have the time to watch the entire talk, let me try to summarize the concepts one of his slides: Tom has done an excellent job explaining the ZFS encryption crypto concept in his talk and it is visualized very nicely in his slides (PDF or on Google Drive: original, mirror). You can safely skip it if you just want to use the feature.Ĭrypto concepts are always a bit hard to explain without confusing everyone. Note: This section describes the nitty gritty crypto details. Here’s a listing of what’s encrypted and what’s not: Encrypted What’s encryptedĪll important pieces are encrypted (actual data and metadata, ACLs, permissions, directory listings, …), while some things are unencrypted to allow managing pools more easily. Many thanks to Tom Caputi for bringing us this incredible feature. It means that you no longer have to use dm-crypt if you want to encrypt your data on disk, and you can still manage your pools even if keys are not loaded. Having built-in support for encryption at the file system level is huge. In future releases, zfs send and zfs recv will also work even if the key is not available. For instance: a pool can be scrubbed ( zpool scrub ) without the keys, and datasets and snapshots can be listed ( zfs list -rt). Many normal ZFS commands are available even if the key of a dataset is not loaded, meaning that administrators can manage the pool without having to know the keys. The encryption parameters and key status of a dataset/volume are represented in various properties ( encryption=, keysource=, keystatus=, pbkdf2iters=). Keys and key sources can be changed after the dataset/volume creation, and without re-encrypting the data (as they are never used directly). Keys can be loaded from different sources (prompt or file) and various input formats are available (raw, hex or passphrase). The keys used for encryption can be inherited or are manually set for a dataset. The CLI makes it incredibly easy to enable encryption on a per dataset/volume basis ( zfs create -o encryption=on ). IntroductionĪt-rest encryption is a new feature in ZFS ( zpool set ) that will automatically encrypt almost all data written to disk using modern authenticated ciphers (AEAD) such as AES-CCM and AES-GCM. The code I run is available in the official repos (links below) or in my forks ( SPL & ZFS, use branch “blogpost” for both). For the demos I will focus on ZFS on Linux on an Ubuntu 16.04 based machine. This post demonstrates a feature that has not yet been released. Can I change the password? Will data be re-encrypted?
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Importing a pool, mounting datasets and loading keys OpenZFS 2.1-rc6 for Linux and FreeBSD systems is available for testing from GitHub. OpenZFS 2.1-rc6 also has early compatibility work for the Linux 5.13 Git kernel (though officially tops out at 5.12 for the moment), various FreeBSD fixes, man page improvements, and a variety of other fixes. More details on this late change for OpenZFS 2.1-rc6 via this recent merge request. Testing also found this scaling to really help with latency and interactivity when deleting files with deduplication enabled. The change during testing led to the 95% latency dropping from 77ms to 5ms and the maximum latency going from 204 ms to 7.5 ms. This scaling with today's higher core count systems should really help with lower latency. Both number of threads and threads per taskq are now tunable in case somebody really wants to use all of system power for ZFS." The code is made to create new taskq for ~6 worker threads (less for small systems, but more for very large) up to 80% of CPU cores (previous 75% was not good for rounding down). As for the change, " this patch introduces ZTI_SCALE macro, alike to ZTI_BATCH, but with multiple taskqs, depending on number of CPUs, to be used in places where lock scalability is needed, while request ordering is not so much.
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OpenZFS 2.1 is headlined by adding Distributed Spare RAID "dRAID" and a new compatibility property for Zpool feature-sets, compatibility with newer versions of the Linux kernel (through 5.12 at the moment), and a variety of other improvements and fixes.Ī notable new change to find with OpenZFS 2.1-rc6 is scaling the worker threads and Taskqs with the number of CPUs on the system. Yet another release candidate of OpenZFS 2.1 is now available for testing and this time around there are some interesting changes to note.